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Linux Directory Structure explained: /bin folder

Posted by Surendra Anne | Oct 12, 2012 | Administration |

This is second post in our Linux directory explanation series. /bin is one more important folder. Bin stands for binary which means an executable file. This folder contains commands or scripts or executable which can be executed to accomplish a task. We have some cousins to this folder as given below along with bin folder. /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin Let’s start with /bin folder. 1./bin folder /bin: Stands for binary. This folder contains base executables which are required for minimal system working. These commands are available in runlevel 1 for basic administration. Commands which are available in /bin folder is accessed by every one and can run by every user. This folder contains basic commands such as cat, chmod, chgrp, chown, date, dir, dd, df, ln, mv, echo and zipping tools such as bzip, gzip etc. 2./sbin folder /sbin: This folder stands for system binaries or super user binaries. This folder contains commands which are required for changing system properties or system level settings such as disk management, network management etc. This folder is accessed some times by normal user but they can not execute any of the commands located in this and what ever commands/scripts located in this folder are run only by root user. If you want to make normal user to run these commands you have to implement SUDO or Powerbroker to give elevated access. Some of the commands available...

Basics of SELinux in Linux

Posted by Surendra Anne | Sep 12, 2012 | Security |

Basics of SElinux What is SELinux? SELinux is a set of security policies/modules which are going to apply on the machine to improve the overall security of the machine. These are the Linux security modules(LSM) which are loaded in to kernel to improve security on accessing services/files which improve security. SELinux is short form of Security Enhanced Linux. SElinux is a security feature which was shipped with RHEL5, it is much secure than any other security such as PAM and Initd. Apparmor is some times consider as eloquent to SELinux. Below is the security model in Linux. Setting of SELinux SELinux is set in three modes. Enforcing – SELinux security policy is enforced. IF this is set SELinux is enabled and will try to enforce the SELinux policies strictly Permissive – SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. This setting will just give warning when any SELinux policy setting is breached Disabled – No SELinux policy is loaded. This will totally disable SELinux policies. And SELinux is set in two levels Targeted – Targeted processes are protected, Mls – Multi Level Security protection. Get SELinux Status Example1:Is SELinux enabled or not on your box? use below command to get the status. #getenforce The output will be either “Enabled” or “Disabled” Example2: To see SELinux status in simplified way you can use sestatus #sestatus Sample output: SElinux status : enabled...

How to mount ISO image files in Linux?

Posted by Surendra Anne | Aug 10, 2012 | Administration |

Mounting iso images is a bit tricky one step procedure to access image file content. There are hardware files called loop devices which are located in /dev/. These loop hardware files are used to mount already formated files such as ISO, IMG, NRG files for local access. They range from loop0 to loop7. So in other words we can mount total 8 iso/img files in Linux at a time. We can not mount more than these number. Below is the command to mount a iso image file My ISO file location and the filename: /var/ftp/rhel.iso My mount point: /mnt/mymount Step1: Become root, as mount command should be executed by only root user sudo su Step2: Make a directory /mnt/mymount mkdir /mnt/mymount Step3: Now mount iso file on to the mount point. mount -o loop /var/ftp/rhel.iso /mnt/mymount If you get an error stating that " mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog – try dmesg | tail or so. " then the issue is either you have to specify iso format or the ISO which you are mounting is currepted. Try to mount with filesystem type as mention in above error and see if that works. mount -o loop /var/ftp/rhel.iso /mnt/mymount -t iso9660 If you still see...

Search Results for: ftp

Linux Directory Structure explained: /bin folder

Basics of SELinux in Linux

How to mount ISO image files in Linux?

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